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}} Krak des Chevaliers ((:kʁak de ʃəvaˈlje)) ((アラビア語:حصن الفرسان)), also Crac des Chevaliers, is a Crusader castle in Syria and one of the most important preserved medieval castles in the world. The site was first inhabited in the 11th century by a settlement of Kurds; as a result it was known as ''Hisn al Akrad'', meaning the "Castle of the Kurds". In 1142 it was given by Raymond II, Count of Tripoli, to the Knights Hospitaller. It remained in their possession until it fell in 1271. It became known as ''Crac de l'Ospital''; the name ''Krak des Chevaliers'' was coined in the 19th century. The Hospitallers began rebuilding the castle in the 1140s and were finished by 1170 when an earthquake damaged the castle. The order controlled a number of castles along the border of the County of Tripoli, a state founded after the First Crusade. Krak des Chevaliers was amongst the most important and acted as a centre of administration as well as a military base. After a second phase of building was undertaken in the 13th century, Krak des Chevaliers became a concentric castle. This phase created the outer wall and gave the castle its current appearance. The first half of the century has been described as Krak des Chevaliers' "golden age". At its peak, Krak des Chevaliers housed a garrison of around 2,000. Such a large garrison allowed the Hospitallers to extract tribute from a wide area. From the 1250s the fortunes of the Knights Hospitaller took a turn for the worse and in 1271 Mamluk Sultan Baibars captured Krak des Chevaliers after a siege lasting 36 days, supposedly by way of a forged letter purportedly from the Hospitallers' Grand Master that caused the Knights to surrender. Renewed interest in Crusader castles in the 19th century led to the investigation of Krak des Chevaliers, and architectural plans were drawn up. In the late 19th or early 20th century a settlement had been created within the castle, causing damage to its fabric. The 500 inhabitants were moved in 1933 and the castle was given over to the French state, which carried out a programme of clearing and restoration. When Syria declared independence in 1946, it assumed control. Today, a village called al-Husn exists around the castle and has a population of nearly 9,000. Krak des Chevaliers is located approximately west of the city of Homs, close to the border of Lebanon, and is administratively part of the Homs Governorate. Since 2006, the castles of Krak des Chevaliers and Qal'at Salah El-Din have been recognised by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. it was partially damaged in the Syrian civil war from shelling, although the full extent of the damage is unknown. ==Etymology== The modern Arabic name for the castle is ''Kalaa'' (), which translates as "castle" while the modern name for fort is ''Hosn'' (). This derives from the name of an earlier fortification on the site called ''Ḥoṣn al-Akrād'' (), meaning "fort of the Kurds". It was called by the Franks フランス語:''Le Crat'' and then by a confusion with ''karak'' (fortress), フランス語:''Le Crac''. ''Crat'' was probably the Frankish version of ''Akrād'', the word for Kurds. After the Knights Hospitaller took control of the castle, it became known as フランス語:''Crac de l'Ospital''; the name フランス語:''Crac des Chevaliers'' (alternatively spelt フランス語:''Krak des Chevaliers'') was introduced by Guillaume Rey in the 19th century.〔, n. 4〕 The word "Krak" (Krak) was known to be the construction of a fortified fort by the Crusades in Palestine and Syria. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Krak des Chevaliers」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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